Changement climatique en Afrique : mobiliser 25 milliards de dollars pour accélérer le développement des mesures d’adaptation
Par Joseph MBENG BOUM avec la BAD
L’Afrique est aujourd’hui confrontée à la double offensive du changement climatique, dont les effets sont actuellement estimés entre 7 et 15 milliards de dollars américains par an. Selon la Banque africaine de développement, l’impact du changement climatique sur le continent pourrait atteindre 50 milliards de dollars par an d’ici à 2040, avec un recul supplémentaire de 30 % du PIB d’ici à 2050.
Dans le cadre d’un débat de haut niveau organisé en visioconférence par la Banque africaine de développement, le Centre mondial pour l’adaptation(le lien est externe) et l’Initiative pour l’adaptation en Afrique, plus de trente chefs d’État et dirigeants mondiaux ont apporté unanimement leur soutien au nouveau Programme d’accélération de l’adaptation en Afrique. L’objectif est de mobiliser 25 milliards de dollars pour accélérer le développement des mesures d’adaptation au changement climatique à travers l’Afrique.
Le président de la République démocratique du Congo et président en exercice de l’Union africaine, Félix-Antoine Tshisekedi Tshilombo, a invité ses homologues à « revoir leurs ambitions en matière de lutte contre le changement climatique et à accélérer la mise en œuvre des mesures que nous avons prévues dans le cadre de nos priorités nationales. Pour ce faire, nous devrons nous concentrer sur les mesures d’adaptation aux effets du changement climatique, notamment en utilisant des solutions fondées sur la nature, la transition énergétique, un cadre de transparence amélioré, le transfert de technologies et le financement de la lutte contre le changement climatique. »
Le Programme d’accélération de l’adaptation en Afrique vise à faire face aux effets de la pandémie de Covid‑19, à ceux du changement climatique et de la pire récession sur le continent depuis vingt-cinq ans. Le soutien sans précédent apporté par les dirigeants au financement de l’adaptation au changement climatique en Afrique est donc très important.
Selon Ban Ki-moon, ancien secrétaire général de l’Organisation des Nations Unies et actuel président du Centre mondial sur l’adaptation, « la pandémie de Covid-19 érode les récents progrès réalisés dans le renforcement de la résilience au changement climatique, ce qui rend les pays et les communautés plus vulnérables aux chocs à venir. L’Afrique doit rattraper son retard. Le changement climatique ne s’est pas arrêté à cause du Covid-19, pas plus que ne devrait être interrompue la tâche urgente de préparer l’humanité à vivre avec les différents effets du réchauffement de la planète. »
Le président du Gabon et président de l’Initiative africaine pour l’adaptation mise en œuvre par l’Union africaine, Ali Bongo Ondimba, a affirmé que le Gabon était l’un des rares pays au monde à avoir un bilan carbone positif. « Mais dans le financement de la lutte contre le changement climatique, nous devons insister pour qu’une attention égale soit accordée à l’adaptation au changement climatique et à l’atténuation de ses effets. L’Afrique appelle les pays développés à assumer une responsabilité historique et à se joindre au programme pour l’accélération de l’adaptation en Afrique », a plaidé le président Bongo.
« Avec nos partenaires, nous avons l’intention de mobiliser 25 milliards de dollars de financement pour assurer le succès du Programme d’accélération de l’adaptation en Afrique, a déclaré le président de la Banque africaine de développement, Akinwumi A. Adesina. Il est temps que les pays développés tiennent leur promesse de fournir une aide de 100 milliards de dollars par an en faveur du financement de la lutte contre le changement climatique. Et une plus grande partie de ce financement devra être consacrée aux dispositifs d’adaptation. »
« Jusqu’à présent, plus de 2 000 milliards de dollars ont été consacrés aux plans de relance destinés à faire face aux effets de la pandémie de Covid-19 dans les pays développés. Le projet du Fonds monétaire international d’émettre l’équivalent de 650 milliards de dollars en nouveaux droits de tirage spéciaux pour augmenter les réserves et les liquidités mondiales sera extrêmement utile pour soutenir la croissance verte et le financement contre le changement climatique en vue d’une reprise économique, a poursuivi le président Adesina. Je félicite le gouvernement américain et, en particulier, la secrétaire d’État au Trésor américain, Janet Yellen, pour leur leadership dans cet important effort. »
Selon l’actuel secrétaire général de l’ONU, António Guterres, « les pays d’Afrique font preuve de leadership. Le Programme d’accélération de l’adaptation en Afrique, ainsi que de nombreuses autres initiatives africaines ambitieuses, doivent être soutenus dans la pleine réalisation de leurs objectifs. »
« L’accès universel à l’énergie en Afrique, qui constituera une priorité dans les années à venir, est susceptible d’être assuré principalement grâce aux énergies renouvelables. J’en appelle à toute une série de mesures de soutien permettant d’atteindre ces objectifs d’ici à la COP 26. C’est réalisable, c’est nécessaire, il est temps de le faire et c’est judicieux », a appelé de ses vœux António Guterres.
« Les États-Unis restent un partenaire de développement actif pour l’Afrique et apportent tout leur soutien à la Banque africaine de développement, a soutenu Janet Yellen au nom du président américain Joseph R. Biden. L’Afrique est la région qui a le moins contribué au changement climatique, mais elle est victime de ses pires effets. Je félicite la Banque africaine de développement et le Centre mondial pour l’adaptation pour avoir mis sur pied le Programme d’accélération de l’adaptation en Afrique. Nous soutenons ce programme pour qu’ensemble, nous puissions éviter les pires effets du changement climatique. »
« En plus d’être confrontés à la crise sanitaire et économique provoquée par la pandémie, les pays d’Afrique figurent parmi les plus vulnérables aux effets du changement climatique, a déploré la directrice générale du Fonds monétaire international, Kristalina Georgieva. Pour relever ce double défi, il faut placer l’adaptation au cœur du redressement de l’Afrique afin que les pays puissent renforcer leur résilience au changement climatique et soient capables de stimuler l’activité économique. Cette pandémie nous a montré qu’il était important d’investir dans le capital humain. Et cela est tellement précieux pour l’Afrique, qui a une population jeune en croissance rapide. Cela commence par l’amélioration de l’éducation, des soins de santé et de la sécurité alimentaire, et dans ce contexte, je souhaite la bienvenue au Programme d’accélération de l’adaptation en Afrique. »
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