Gabon, conflit homme-elephant le verdict sera Connu au cours des assises nationales avenirs

Sur instructions du Premier Ministre, Rose Christiane Ossouka Raponda, le ministère des Eaux & Forêts Pr Lee White organise les Assises Nationales sur la gestion du conflit homme-éléphant du 15 au 17 décembre 2021. Le conflit homme-éléphant, de plus en plus récurent au Gabon, constitue une menace sérieuse pour la sécurité et la viabilité des moyens de subsistance des communautés rurales.

Au regard de l’importance de ce phénomène, le Ministre des Eaux et Forêts, Prof. Lee White, et le Ministre Délégué, Charles Mve Ellah se sont rendu tour à tour dans les principaux chefs-lieux des 9 provinces du Gabon pour échanger avec les populations et les différentes autorités provinciales et locales sur le conflit homme éléphant et faire un état des lieux dudit conflit qui constitue une menace sérieuse pour la sécurité et la viabilité des moyens de substance des communautés rurales.
À l’issue des consultations provinciales, les recommandations formulées par les populations notamment sur l’opérationnalisation dans les meilleurs délais des battues administratives ; l’indemnisation des populations victimes; la prise en charge des cas d’agressions ; l’extension du programme de construction de clôtures électriques.

Les Assises Nationales sur la gestion du Conflit Homme-Eléphant permettront d’arrêter de manière consensuelle et concertée la stratégie et le plan d’action national mettant en exergue les actions fortes prises par le gouvernement afin d’améliorer la sécurité alimentaire des populations et à la fois préserver la faune qui joue un rôle essentiel dans la régénération des écosystèmes.
Bien que le Gabon soit engagé dans la politique de conservation, la faune sauvage reste sévèrement touchée par les menaces directes et indirectes que sont : le braconnage, la perte de l’habitat des animaux, l’exploitation forestière, minière, pétrolière et agro industriel qui induisent le changement de comportement de certaines espèces animales et perturbent leur processus écologique. Cela a pour corollaire la réduction de la taille de la population de certains animaux et des mouvements migratoires importants vers les zones d’habitation humaines entraînant de facto les Conflits Homme-Faune (CHF) ou Conflit Homme-Eléphant (CHE) récurrents.
Le défi aujourd’hui est de concilier les impératifs de la conservation et la quiétude des populations, car il est constaté de plus en plus une recrudescence de CHE. Selon l’UICN (2003), «il y a conflit entre l’homme et la faune sauvage lorsque les besoins des espèces sauvages entrent en compétition avec ceux des populations humaines, générant des coûts pour les deux parties». Ce conflit se traduit le plus souvent par la dévastation des cultures, la destruction des biens et, dans les cas extrêmes, par des agressions physiques conduisant, quelquefois, à des pertes en vies humaines.
Depuis de nombreuses années, le Conflit Homme-Éléphant a pris des proportions inquiétantes. Sur la période de 2016 à 2020, environ 9000 plaintes écrites et orales ont été enregistrées par le Ministère en charge des Eaux et Forêts. Les plaintes orales et les nombreux post sur les réseaux décrivant l’ampleur et la récurrence de ce conflit sont également légion.
L’Etat Gabonais a expérimenté plusieurs méthodes visant soit à repousser les éléphants, soit à protéger les cultures des populations. Parmi ces méthodes, on peut citer: les cartouches à piment, les barrières à sangles, les ruches d’abeilles, les clôtures électriques. A la suite de plusieurs essais expérimentaux, le Gouvernement a dernièrement opté pour la généralisation de la technique inhérente à l’érection des clôtures électriques. Le Gabon a pris plusieurs initiatives en vue d’atténuer le CHE. Parmi ces initiatives on peut citer : la construction des clôtures électriques, l’indemnisation et la révision du décret sur les battues administratives. L’Indemnisation. Parmi les méthodes d’atténuation des CHE, il y a aussi l’indemnisation qui consiste en une compensation financière des dégâts causés par la faune sauvage. Cette méthode a été mise en œuvre en 2016 et 2017, grâce à une dotation spéciale du Chef de l’État Ali BONGO ONDIMBA, qui a permis de dédommager plusieurs victimes des conflits Homme-Faune. Les battues administratives Suite à la récurrence des dégâts causés par certaines espèces animales sur les cultures vivrières et les animaux domestiques, un nouveau décret qui abroge toutes les dispositions antérieures contraires vient d’être pris, il s’agit du décret n°00183/PR/MEFMEPCPAT fixant les conditions d’autorisation des battues administratives signé le 12 juillet 2021.
A ce jour, 14 clôtures électriques ont été construites, grâce aux financements des partenaires de l’Etat, en vue de sécuriser les cultures contre la dévastation par la faune sauvage. Cependant, ce nombre reste largement insuffisant compte tenu de l’ampleur du CHE qui sévit sur toute l’étendue du territoire national. Par conséquent, le gouvernement entend rechercher des financements adéquats pour poursuivre la construction de ces clôtures. Facteurs de CHE au Gabon. Le braconnage Les forêts gabonaises abritent des populations animales variées dont le fort effectif leur confère une importance internationale.
Les activités économiques notamment forestières, surtout l’exploitation anarchique et illégale des forêts déstabilisent les écosystèmes forestiers. Ces secteurs d’activités ont une incidence sur l’habitat naturel de la faune et particulièrement des éléphants qui a tendance à se réduire.
L’étude réalisée à la Lopé et publiée le 24 septembre 2020 dans la revue internationale de renom « Science » révèle que les changements climatiques ont provoqué une augmentation de la température de 1°C et une chute de la pluviométrie de 200 mm depuis 30 ans, ce qui influencerait négativement la fructification des arbres en forêt, diminuant ainsi de 80% la quantité de fruits disponibles pour les éléphants et conséquemment à la fois leur amaigrissement et ces mouvements migratoires vers les sites des activités humaines.
Les impacts des CHE sont de différents ordres. Ils touchent à la fois les aspects socio-économiques et environnementaux : Sur le plan social, les CHF/CHE occasionnent des agressions; des blessures et des pertes en vies humaines. Ce qui suscite à la fois la transhumance des populations et les revendications de celles-ci relativement à la sempiternelle question de l’insécurité et de l’occupation des terres cultivables par les pachydermes précarisant ainsi les populations des zones rurales ; Sur le plan économique, la destruction des cultures vivrières et d’autres biens impacte assez considérablement le développement agricole. Politique de conservation La quasi-permanence du CHE qui se caractérise entre autres par la précarité des populations, l’absence de retombées positives et la recrudescence du CHE constituent à la fois un blocage à la mise en œuvre de la politique de la conservation et risque potentiel d’instabilité politique et sociale.
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