Gabon : Exploitation illicite du bois dans le regroupement de villages mbes (makokou) et dans le village engongo (bitam)
Selon les informations recueillies par le média le Nouveau Gabon auprès du Ministre Délégué des Eaux et Forêts en avril 2022, le trafic illégal du bois au Gabon est estimé à plus de 184,8 milliards de FCFA par an.
C’est d’ailleurs un problème mondial sachant que peu de cas d’exploitation forestière illégale arrivent en justice. Selon les estimations de la Banque mondiale, les coupes illégales représentent jusqu’à 90 % de l’ensemble des activités d’exploitation forestière dans certains pays et produisent entre 10 et 15 milliards de dollars de revenus illicites par an.
Ces capitaux, contrôlés principalement par la criminalité organisée, échappent à l’impôt et affaiblissent les Etats en favorisant le développement de la corruption et de réseaux mafieux. Le Gabon réalise des efforts importants pour lutter contre l’exploitation forestière à grande échelle et l’appui de partenaires externes peut s’avérer utile.
Ainsi, l’ONG Conservation Justice et le Ministère des Eaux et Forêt se sont engagés à travers le projet d’Appui à la Lutte contre l’Exploitation Forestière Illégale (ALEFI) à faire face à plusieurs défis comme la coupe illégale du bois et le détournement de Fonds Développement Local (FDL). Ce travail est aujourd’hui réalisé principalement dans les zones rurales, en appui aux communautés.
En ce qui concerne la coupe illégale du bois, l’administration déconcentrée des Eaux et Forêts de Bitam appuyée par Conservation Justice vient à nouveau d’interpeller plusieurs contrevenants.
En effet, après des cas d’exploitation illégale de bois constatés en novembre et décembre 2022, quatre personnes ont été interpellées pour coupe, sciage et tentative de transport de bois sans autorisation délivrée par l’administration des Eaux et Forêts de Bitam dans le village Engongo, non loin du site batouri d’Olam. Il s’agit des sieurs O.E.T, gabonais, I.I.L, camerounais, D.S et K.A, de nationalité malienne. Les trois dernières personnes citées ont été interpellées le 18 janvier 2023, en pleine forêt au moment où ils procédaient au chargement du bois dans un véhicule.
Ces trois individus vont dénoncer Monsieur O.E.T comme le principal organisateur de ce cas de sciage illégal. Il s’agit d’un entrepreneur originaire du village Engongo qui serait un fournisseur d’Olam Rubber. Celui-ci reconnaîtra avoir agi en toute illégalité avant de s’excuser vis-à-vis de l’administration des Eaux et Forêts. Le Cantonnement des Eaux et Forêts de Bitam a procédé à la saisie du bois illégal, estimé à 10 mètres cubes, et a infligé une amende à l’instigateur des coupes illégales conformément au code forestier.
Un cas similaire a eu lieu dans l’Ogooué-Ivindo au regroupement de villages de Mbess le samedi 21 janvier 2023.
Prétextant auprès des populations et auxiliaires de commandement la détention d’une autorisation en règle, un exploitant illégal de nationalisé gabonaise, M.M.O.T., a employé des scieurs du village Mbess et des transporteurs pour scier puis déplacer le bois de la forêt jusqu’à la route où un camion était déjà en attente.
Informé par une équipe de Conservation Justice, les équipes des Eaux et Forêts ont saisi le bois illégal et les tronçonneuses utilisées pour ce délit. Environ 195 madriers sur trois sites de dépôt en bordure de route ont également été saisis.
Le sciage artisanal illégal constitue une menace pour l’intégrité des forêts et échappe à toute fiscalité tout en favorisant la corruption. Outre des mesures nécessaires de surveillance et de répression, la mise en place de mécanismes permettant aux scieurs artisanaux de réaliser leurs activités légalement permettrait d’alimenter les quincailleries en bois dont l’origine serait connue. Les Forêts Communautaires en particulier pourraient constituer une source intéressante pour le sciage artisanal. Mais, elles sont malheureusement exploitées industriellement, en contradiction avec les principes de gestion communautaire, généralement à travers des contrats de fermage avec des opérateurs industriels qui respectent rarement la législation.
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