BiodiversitéÉcosystèmes

Douala : la matière fécale déversée dans la nature 

Ces déjections rejetées en amont de la mangrove de Bonabéri, cause une extrême pollution du milieu qui se meurt au fil du temps.

Depuis plus de 30 ans déjà, l’on assiste quotidiennement à un ballet de camions citernes spécialisés dans l’assainissement, qui déversent des déchets humains au lieu-dit Bois des Singes de la capitale économique. Selon une évaluation faite en 2019 par le docteur Yves Promesse-ssie, écologiste-environnementaliste, dans le cadre de ses travaux de recherche en thèse de doctorat à l’université de Douala, environ 123 millions de litres de boues de vidange sont déversées chaque année à cet endroit. « Ces boues apportent une très grande quantité de polluants métalliques dans le milieu, notamment le fer, le plomb, et le cadmium que j’ai étudié sur le site. Ces polluants génèrent également le phosphate et le nitrate qui font proliférer certaines plantes herbacées telles que la jacinthe d’eau (Eichhornia crassipes), qui vont envahir le milieu et finir par le faire disparaître par un phénomène appelé eutrophisation », explique-t-il.

Cette matière fécale retombe en aval dans le fleuve Wouri, considéré comme le troisième fleuve le plus pollué d’Afrique avec trois millions de kilogrammes d’ordures déversés chaque année dans l’océan Atlantique. Le dépotage des déjections a accéléré ces dernières années l’eutrophisation de la mangrove du Bois des singes, déjà sujette à une dégradation accrue en raison de fortes pressions anthropiques qu’elle subit. Elle est quotidiennement dépouillée de ses ressources naturelles, en l’occurrence la Rhizophora, le principal arbre caractéristique des mangroves camerounaises, coupée par les populations pour du combustible. Les poissons et les crustacés qui se servent du milieu comme habitat de reproduction disparaissent également au fil des années.

L’une des portions de la mangrove qui donne au fleuve Wouri est depuis février dernier, l’objet de convoitise de la part d’un opérateur privé, pour un projet d’aménagement d’une cité balnéaire. Ceci contribue ainsi à la dégradation de cette zone tampon entre l’océan et le continent, réputée être une excellente arme de lutte contre le réchauffement climatique, à travers la séquestration du carbone et la régulation à la fois du micro et du macroclimat, d’après une analyse du Centre pour la recherche forestière internationale (CIFOR). D’après le Programme des Nations-Unies pour l’Environnement (UNEP), la superficie totale des mangroves au Cameroun est passée de 272 000 hectares en 1980 à presque 195 000 hectares en 2005, soit une perte d’environ 30% en 25 ans. Des données qui ont évolué avec le temps. Les mangroves camerounaises sont en danger permanent, avec un rythme de disparition annuel estimé désormais à 1%. La zone de mangrove autour de Douala qui compte également celle du « Bois des singes » est la plus décimée, avec un taux de destruction de l’ordre de 6,2 % par an selon les chiffres officiels du gouvernement.

Albert BOMBA et Mongabay

33 réflexions sur “Douala : la matière fécale déversée dans la nature 

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