Biodiversité

Monde : Plus d’un million d’espèces menacées d’extinction

Le 22 mai 2023, la journée mondiale de la biodiversité biologique s’est célébrée sous le thème : « de l’accord à l’action : reconstruire la biodiversité ». Cette journée a été choisie par les Nations unies pour sensibiliser les dirigeants et les citoyens sur l’urgence d’agir. Elle a été marquée par la présentation d’une étude sur le temps nécessaire pour « retrouver la faune et la flore » telles qu’elles étaient avant la destruction de l’environnement.

Les scientifiques croient qu’il y aurait entre 3 et 8 millions d’espèces vivant sur la terre, mais, seulement 1,75 million d’entre elles ont été identifiées. Après la journée des abeilles célébrée le samedi 20 mai, voici ce lundi 22 mai, la journée mondiale de la biodiversité biologique. Le thème central choisi par l’Union internationale de la conservation de la nature est, pour 2023, « De l’accord à l’action : reconstruire la biodiversité ». Cette journée a été choisie par les Nations unies pour sensibiliser les dirigeants et les citoyens sur l’urgence d’agir. Cette journée a été marquée par la présentation d’une étude sur le temps nécessaire pour « retrouver la faune et la flore » telles qu’elles étaient avant la destruction de l’environnement. Selon Juliette Landry, chercheuse à l’IDDRI, spécialiste des questions de gouvernance internationale, invitée de France 24, « on ne pourra pas sauver la terre, sauver nos écosystèmes, lutter contre le changement climatique si on ne met pas en place un changement transformateur de nos sociétés ». Le rapport de l’IPBES estime qu’environ 1 million d’espèces animales et végétales sont aujourd’hui menacées d’extinction, notamment au cours des prochaines décennies, ce qui n’a jamais eu lieu auparavant dans l’histoire de l’humanité. A Madagascar, faune et flore déclinent à un rythme alarmant. Pour reconstruire, la biodiversité sur la Grande île, les experts estiment qu’il faudrait 2 à 3 millions d’années pour retrouver la situation originelle, écrit Midi-Madagascar.

Les principales menaces sont la destruction de l’habitat, l’exploitation massive et non raisonnée des ressources naturelles, la surexploitation des sols et les trafics illicites. Ce constat est semblable dans tous les pays. Malgré tout, c’est encore dans les endroits les plus démunis que la biodiversité demeure la plus diverse. En effet d’après les spécialistes, la diversité biologique est partout autour de nous. La biodiversité est dans nos assiettes, dans l’air que nous respirons, dans la cour arrière de la maison, etc. Ainsi, nous pouvons dire que la biodiversité est la richesse de la vie sur terre. Ce concept inclut toutes les formes de vie, les liens qui les unissent entre elles ainsi que les liens qui les unissent avec l’environnement dans lequel les espèces évoluent.

 La biodiversité est essentielle à la survie de l’humanité

Chacun des éléments de la biodiversité est important à plusieurs niveaux. Même le mot important n’est pas assez fort pour décrire à quel point l’être humain est totalement dépendant de la biodiversité et comment celle-ci est essentielle à la survie de l’humanité. Tout d’abord, nous comptons sur la biodiversité pour nous nourrir et respirer. Non seulement la biodiversité nous fournit les plantes et les animaux que nous mangeons, mais elle nous fournit aussi de l’air pur et de l’eau propre. La biodiversité nous fournit aussi du bois pour construire nos maisons et de l’énergie pour les chauffer et les éclairer. De plus, elle nous fournit les substances naturelles qui nous permettent de fabriquer des médicaments. Elle est aussi à la base de plusieurs loisirs comme l’observation de la nature, la randonnée en forêt, la chasse, la pêche, etc. Ce n’est pas rien tout ça! Et le pire, c’est qu’on a seulement découvert une infime partie des services que la biodiversité nous rend. Chaque être vivant occupe une place essentielle dans l’équilibre des écosystèmes. Chaque espèce est unique et a un rôle à jouer. Et ce, même si ce rôle nous est inconnu ou nous semble de moindre importance. Il reste tant à découvrir encore. La vie sur la terre a évolué pendant des milliards d’années; chaque espèce contient les connaissances qu’elle a acquises sur les façons de survivre aux conditions très variées de la terre et à différentes époques. Chaque espèce a donc une valeur inestimable. Perdre une espèce, c’est perdre une partie de la mémoire de l’évolution. Et les pertes sont impossibles à remplacer.

Elvis Serge NSAA

7 réflexions sur “Monde : Plus d’un million d’espèces menacées d’extinction

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