Gabon, la demande croissante de poisson offre de nouvelles perspectives aux jeunes dans l’aquaculture

Développer le potentiel des exploitations aquacoles pour accroître les revenus et garantir une source d’aliments nutritifs. Levedy Céleste Lossangoye nourrit une passion pour la pisciculture depuis son plus jeune âge. Elle a grandi entourée d’étangs à poissons dans l’exploitation piscicole de sa famille à Andem, au Gabon, un pays d’Afrique centrale. Située à environ 60 kilomètres de Libreville, la capitale du pays, la ferme familiale compte 21 étangs répartis sur deux hectares et possède une capacité de production d’environ 37 tonnes par an. Si cela est suffisant pour bien vivre, le potentiel n’est pas pour autant pleinement exploité.

Aujourd’hui âgée de 30 ans, Céleste est une ingénieure agronome douée d’une vision. Elle travaille avec son père, Daniel, pour transformer l’entreprise familiale en une exploitation à grande échelle qui ne se limite pas à l’élevage de tilapias et de poissons-chats, mais commercialise aussi ses poissons directement dans tout le pays.
«L’exploitation possède un potentiel énorme qui lui permettrait de satisfaire la demande locale, en dépit des nombreux défis auxquels l’entreprise est confrontée», affirme-t-elle.
Comme dans bon nombre de pays côtiers d’Afrique centrale, le poisson est un aliment populaire au Gabon. La consommation annuelle de poisson tourne autour de 35 kilogrammes par personne, soit l’un des taux les plus élevés du continent africain, mais 25 000 tonnes doivent être importées chaque année pour répondre aux besoins du marché local.
Pour autant, l’aquaculture demeure une activité marginale et insuffisamment développée au Gabon, alors que le pays peine à satisfaire une demande locale de poisson en constante augmentation. Depuis 2017, la FAO collabore avec le Gouvernement gabonais pour développer davantage l’aquaculture commerciale en créant cinq centres de pêche, tant maritimes que continentaux, et en améliorant les compétences des exploitants en vue d’accroître la production.
Par ailleurs, après avoir mené des recherches sur les besoins des pisciculteurs, la FAO a organisé des cours de formation dans trois provinces – Estuaire, Oyem et Bitam – afin de renforcer les capacités techniques, les compétences de production et le savoir-faire commercial de jeunes entrepreneurs et entrepreneuses, dont Céleste.
Au nombre des sujets abordés figuraient la sélection des sites de pisciculture, la fabrication et l’assemblage de cages flottantes, les techniques de production et l’amélioration de la qualité des stocks de géniteurs pour le tilapia et le poisson-chat. « Nous avons appris à fabriquer des cages flottantes, ce qui permet d’apporter une valeur ajoutée à nos produits existants. Nous pouvons les utiliser pour accroître notre production, étant donné que nous possédons déjà des étangs », explique Céleste.
« Au Gabon, l’aquaculture en est encore à ses débuts et ne contribue pas beaucoup à la sécurité alimentaire, mais son développement offre de réelles possibilités d’emploi pour les jeunes », déclare Lionel Kinadjian, fonctionnaire de la FAO chargé des pêches et de l’aquaculture.
« La demande existe et les conditions environnementales sont réunies pour promouvoir l’aquaculture. »

Des perspectives d’emploi pour les jeunes
De nombreux jeunes diplômés peinent à trouver un emploi au Gabon, où le chômage des jeunes atteint 38 pour cent, selon l’Organisation internationale du Travail. La FAO estime que le secteur de la pêche et de l’aquaculture peut grandement contribuer à créer des emplois, notamment pour les jeunes, et à relever le défi de la sécurité alimentaire et de la nutrition.
«L’aquaculture est une activité rentable qui permet à la fois de nourrir sa famille et de subvenir à ses besoins financiers», indique Céleste. «Je conseille vivement aux chômeurs de se lancer dans cette activité».
Selon les dernières données, 423 exploitants pratiquent l’aquaculture et la pisciculture au Gabon, mais seuls 22,7 pour cent d’entre eux ont moins de 35 ans.
Outre la production aquacole, la FAO contribue à promouvoir l’aquaculture auprès des jeunes en proposant des ateliers sur l’investissement dans ce secteur et la prise de décisions en vue d’améliorer les plans d’activités. Elle a également fourni des équipements pour la pisciculture et la récolte aux participants.
Yannick Mve Obiang, un pisciculteur âgé de 27 ans qui produit des poissons-chats et des tilapias, affirme que, grâce à la formation de la FAO, il a pu acquérir les compétences et les connaissances nécessaires pour moderniser ses étangs et passer de l’aquaculture de subsistance à la production commerciale.
Toutefois, au Gabon, le secteur fait face à des contraintes, notamment le manque de nourriture pour poissons ou d’alevins de qualité à un prix abordable, ainsi que l’absence de capitaux d’investissement. «Les ressources de base de bonne qualité faisant défaut, il est difficile pour le secteur d’attirer de nouveaux investisseurs et d’atteindre les objectifs du Gouvernement, à savoir doubler la production halieutique nationale, pour atteindre 50 000 tonnes d’ici à 2025», explique M. Kinadjian.
«Nous avons fortement mis l’accent sur une vision qui consiste à considérer l’aquaculture comme une activité commerciale, ce qui devrait permettre de garantir la rentabilité et la durabilité des activités et de mobiliser des financements, en dehors des projets de développement ou des dons du Gouvernement. »

Développer les exploitations pour satisfaire la demande croissante
Céleste se réjouit à l’idée de jouer un rôle plus important dans la gestion de l’élevage piscicole de sa famille. «J’ai décidé de m’investir dans l’exploitation, pour aider mon père à améliorer les aspects techniques, la production et la commercialisation de nos produits et rendre notre activité plus rentable», affirme‑t‑elle.
«À long terme, je souhaite devenir la première entreprise piscicole du Gabon et voir les poissonneries de la famille Lossangoye fleurir un peu partout à Libreville. »
Au Gabon et dans plusieurs autres pays d’Afrique centrale, la FAO prête appui à des programmes agricoles qui permettent aux jeunes de renforcer leurs capacités et de se lancer dans des activités plus productives et plus rentables, leur garantissant ainsi un avenir plus résilient et plus durable.
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